Local Charge Inhomogeneity and Lithium Distribution in the Superionic Argyrodites Li ₆ PS ₅ X (X = Cl, Br, I)

Abstract

The lithium argyrodites Li₆PS₅X (X = Cl, Br, I) exhibit high lithium-ion conductivities, making them promising candidates for use in solid-state batteries. These solid electrolytes can show considerable substitutional X^-/S^2- anion disorder, typically correlated with higher lithium-ion conductivities. The atomic-scale effects of this anion site disorder within the host lattice-in particular how lattice disorder modulates the lithium substructure-are not well understood. Here, we characterize the lithium substructure in Li₆PS₅X as a function of temperature and anion site disorder, using Rietveld refinements against temperature-dependent neutron diffraction data. Analysis of these high-resolution diffraction data reveals an additional lithium position previously unreported for Li₆PS₅X argyrodites, suggesting that the lithium conduction pathway in these materials differs from the most common model proposed in earlier studies. An analysis of the Li⁺ positions and their radial distributions reveals that greater inhomogeneity of the local anionic charge, due to X^-/S^2- site disorder, is associated with more spatially diffuse lithium distributions. This observed coupling of site disorder and lithium distribution provides a possible explanation for the enhanced lithium transport in anion-disordered lithium argyrodites and highlights the complex interplay between the anion configuration and lithium substructure in this family of superionic conductors.