High-Performance Intensiometric Direct- and Inverse-Response Genetically Encoded Biosensors for Citrate

Abstract

Motivated by the growing recognition of citrate as a central metabolite in a variety of biological processes associated with healthy and diseased cellular states, we have developed a series of high-performance genetically encoded citrate biosensors suitable for imaging of citrate concentrations in mammalian cells. The design of these biosensors was guided by structural studies of the citrate-responsive sensor histidine kinase and took advantage of the same conformational changes proposed to propagate from the binding domain to the catalytic domain. Following extensive engineering based on a combination of structure guided mutagenesis and directed evolution, we produced an inverse-response biosensor (Δ<i>F</i>/<i>F</i> _min ≈ 18) designated Citroff1 and a direct-response biosensor (Δ<i>F</i>/<i>F</i> _min ≈ 9) designated Citron1. We report the X-ray crystal structure of Citron1 and demonstrate the utility of both biosensors for qualitative and quantitative imaging of steady-state and pharmacologically perturbed citrate concentrations in live cells.