Fabrication of Microporous Coatings on Titanium Implants with Improved Mechanical, Antibacterial, and Cell-Interactive Properties

Abstract

The success of an orthopedic implant therapy depends on successful bone integration and the prevention of microbial infections. In this work, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was performed to deposit TiO₂ coatings enriched with Ca, P, and Ag on titanium to improve its surface properties and antibacterial efficacy while maintaining normal biological functions and thus to enhance the performance of orthopedic implants. After PEO treatment, the surface of Ti was converted to anatase and rutile TiO₂, hydroxyapatite, and calcium titanate phases. The presence of these crystalline phases was further increased with an increased Ag content in the coatings. The developed coatings also exhibited a more porous morphology with an improved surface wettability, roughness, microhardness, and frictional coefficient. In vitro antibacterial assays indicated that the Ag-doped coatings can significantly prevent the growth of both <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> by releasing Ag⁺ ions, and the ability to prevent these bacteria was enhanced by increasing the Ag content in the coatings, resulting in a maximal 6-log reduction of <i>E. coli</i> and a maximal 5-log reduction of <i>S. aureus</i> after 24 h of incubation. Moreover, the in vitro cytocompatibility evaluation of the coatings showed that the osteoblast (MC3T3) cell integration on the PEO-based coatings was greatly improved compared to untreated Ti and no notable impact on their cytocompatibility was observed on increasing the amount of Ag in the coating. In conclusion, the coating with favorable physicochemical and mechanical properties along with controlled silver ion release can offer an excellent antibacterial performance and osteocompatibility and can thus become a prospective coating strategy to face current challenges in orthopedics.