Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy

Abstract

Tumour cells can evade destruction by the immune system by triggering immune checkpoint receptors, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), that are expressed on T-cells and whose engagement inhibit T