The Influence of Immune Heterogeneity on the Effectiveness of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Multifocal Hepatocellular Carcinomas

Abstract

The small tumors in patients with multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma had higher immune cell infiltration and upregulation of immune pathways as compared with the large tumors, which can partially explain the different responses of small and large tumors in the same case to anti-PD-1 therapy.