2D N-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Polydopamine-Coated Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Efficient Nonradical Activation of Peroxymonosulfate

Abstract

Nitrogen-doped carbon materials attract broad interest as catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation toward an efficient, nonradical advanced oxidation process. However, synthesis of N-rich carbocatalysts is challenging because of the thermal instability of desirable nitrogenous species (pyrrolic, pyridinic, and graphitic N). Furthermore, the relative importance of different nitrogenous configurations (and associated activation mechanisms) are unclear. Herein, we report a "coating-pyrolysis" method to synthesize porous 2D N-rich nanocarbon materials (PCN-<i>x</i>) derived from dopamine and g-C₃N₄ in different weight proportions. PCN-0.5 calcined at 800 °C had the highest surface area (759 m²/g) and unprecedentedly high N content (18.5 at%), and displayed the highest efficiency for 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) degradation via PMS activation. A positive correlation was observed between 4-CP oxidation rates and the total pyridinic and pyrrolic N content. These N dopants serve as Lewis basic sites to facilitate 4-CP adsorption on the PCN surface and subsequent electron-transfer from 4-CP to PMS, mediated by surface-bound complexes (PMS-PCN-0.5). The main degradation products were chlorinated oligomers (mostly dimeric biphenolic compounds), which adsorbed to and deteriorated the carbocatalyst. Overall, this study offers new insights for rational design of nitrogen-enriched carbocatalysts, and advances mechanistic understanding of the critical role of N species during nonradical PMS activation.