DIFFERENTIAL ROLES FOR DOPAMINE D1-LIKE AND D2-LIKE RECEPTORS IN LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR OF HONEYBEE AND OTHER INSECTS

Abstract

Biogenic amines and neuropeptides are important neurotransmitters and modulators in the peripheral and central nervous systems of several invertebrate species. Biogenic amines play essential roles in modulating physiological and behavioral processes as neuromodulators, neurotransmitters, and neurohormones. Biogenic amines such as octopamine, dopamine, tyramine, or even serotonin can act as slow neuromodulator or fast transmitters. In both invertebrates and vertebrates, dopamine found in the central nervous system. Dopamine receptors (D1-like family -D1, D5) and (D2-like family-D2, D3, D4) directly modulate and regulate other neurotransmitters, the release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), differentiation, and cell proliferation. Here, we highlighted the essential role of dopamine and dopamine receptors in the control of cognition, locomotion, attention, memory formation, and behavioral plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). In CNS, D1-like and D2-like are the most abundant dopamine receptors. Dopamine receptors contribution in several aspects of motor function, cognition besides reinforcement/reward and complex behavior. Behavioral and mental diseases associated with major neurotransmission disruptions of dopamine as well as hyperactivity/attention-deficit disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and Huntington's disease cause a major neuropsychological deficiency in attention, memory, and learning besides to other major symptoms.