Synthesis and <i>In Vitro</i> Antimicrobial and Anthelminthic Evaluation of Naphtholic and Phenolic <i>Azo</i> Dyes

Abstract

The antimicrobial activity of 2-naphtholic and phenolic <i>azo</i> compounds was determined against seven microbial species, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (ATCC 25923), <i>Streptococcus pyrogenes</i> (clinical), and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> (ATCC 29212), <i>Salmonella typhi</i> (clinical), <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (ATCC 27853), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ATCC 251922), and <i>Candida albicans</i> (ATCC 10231), using the high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition assay (HT-SPOTi). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for the active <i>azo</i> dyes. All the <i>azo</i> compounds (A1-B4) were screened for anthelmintic activity against adult Ghanaian earthworms, <i>Hyperiodrilus</i> spp. As part of the systematic investigation for biological activity, all the <i>azo</i> compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activity against the seven human pathogenic microorganisms. All the compounds exhibited anthelminthic activity against adult Ghanaian earthworms, <i>Hyperiodrilus</i> spp.