Cyber security in New Space

TLDR

Space is becoming increasingly accessible, with thousands of new constellations raising the in‑orbit satellite population and expanding the threat landscape, shifting adversarial focus from ground and radio‑frequency communications to the space segment itself. The article examines past satellite security incidents to evaluate adversary motivations and characteristics, while also discussing key technological advancements and open issues in satellite security and operational requirements.

Abstract

Abstract Developments in technologies, attitudes and investment are transforming the space environment, achieving greater accessibility for an increasing number of parties. New and proposed constellations will increase the in-orbit satellite population by the order of thousands, expanding the threat landscape of the space industry. This article analyses past satellite security threats and incidents to assess the motivations and characteristics of adversarial threats to satellites. The ground and radio frequency communications were the most favoured targets; however, the boom of satellites constellations in the upcoming years may shift this focus towards the space segment which must be addressed. Key technology advancements and open issues in the satellite industry related to security and operational requirements are also discussed.