PET ligands [ ¹⁸ F]LSN3316612 and [ ¹¹ C]LSN3316612 quantify <i>O</i> -linked-β- <i>N</i> -acetyl-glucosamine hydrolase in the brain

Abstract

We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain <i>O</i>-linked-β-<i>N</i>-acetyl-glucosamine (<i>O</i>-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by <i>O</i>-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and <i>O</i>-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. Increase in tau <i>O</i>-GlcNAcylation by OGA inhibition is believed to reduce tau aggregation. LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. [³H]LSN3316612 imaged and quantified OGA in postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human. The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. Both [¹⁸F]LSN3316612 and [¹¹C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. [¹⁸F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (V_T) values by 110 min of scanning. Overall, [¹⁸F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [¹¹C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey.