Dynamic linkages between tourism, technology and CO₂ emissions in Pakistan

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between CO2 emissions and its determinants, namely, technological innovations (TIs), international tourism and economic growth for Pakistan between 1990 and 2017. The ARDL bounds and Bayer and Hanck tests of cointegration revealed that variables of the study are cointegrated in the long-run. Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that technological innovation in the country could prove environment-friendly as improved technology could result in efficient production and less energy use, thus fewer emissions. Moreover, this study concluded that short and long-term gains in tourism and economic growth are at the cost of environmental quality which is neither feasible nor favourable looking into the SDGs.