Effect of the Presence of Carbon in Ti₄O₇ Electrodes on Anodic Oxidation of Contaminants

Abstract

Magnéli phase titanium suboxide, Ti₄O₇, has attracted increasing attention as a potential electrode material in anodic oxidation as a result of its high efficiency and (electro)chemical stability. Although carbon materials have been amended to Ti₄O₇ electrodes to enhance the electrochemical performance or are present as an unwanted residual during the electrode fabrication, there has been no comprehensive investigation of how these carbon materials affect the electrochemical performance of the resultant Ti₄O₇ electrodes. As such, we investigated the electrochemical properties of Ti₄O₇ electrodes impregnated with carbon materials at different contents (and chemical states). Results of this study showed that while pure Ti₄O₇ electrodes exhibited an extremely low rate of interfacial electron transfer, the introduction of minor amounts of carbon materials (at values as low as 0.1 wt %) significantly facilitated the electron transfer process and decreased the oxygen evolution reaction potential. The oxygen-containing functional groups have been shown to play an important role in interfacial electron transfer with moderate oxidation of the carbon groups aiding electron uptake at the electrode surface (and consequently organic oxidation) while the generation of carboxyl groups-a process that is likely to occur in long-term operation-increased the interfacial resistance and thus retarded the oxidation process. Results of this study provide a better understanding of the relationship between the nature of the electrode surface and anodic oxidation performance with these insights likely to facilitate improved electrode design and optimization of operation of anodic oxidation reactors.