A Ru-bda Complex with a Dangling Carboxylate Group: Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties

Abstract

Ruthenium complexes containing the tetradentate 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylato (bda^2-) equatorial ligand and ortho-subsituted pyridines in the axial position have been prepared and characterized using spectroscopic, crystallographic and electrochemical techniques. Complexes [Ru(Hbda)(DMSO)(pyC)] (<b>1</b>) and [Ru(bda)(DMSO)(pyA)] (<b>2</b>) (where pyC is 2-pyridinecarboxylate, pyA is pyridine-2-ylmethanol and DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide) have been isolated in moderate to high yields. The solid state structures of (<b>1</b>-H)^- and <b>2</b> reveal the strong chelate effect of the axial pyridine ligand that coordinates in a bidentate fashion leaving the bda^2- equatorial ligand coordinating in a tridentate mode. In solution, compound <b>2</b> shows a dynamic equilibrium between different coordination modes of the bda^2- and pyA ligands. This phenomenon does not occur for <b>1</b> because the carboxylate binds stronger than the labile alcohol in <b>2</b>. Cyclic voltammetry analysis of <b>1</b> reveals a complex behavior with a pH-independent wave at <i>E</i>_1/2 = 1.12 V that is tentatively associated with the two-electron Ru^IV/II couple. In sharp contrast, complex <b>2</b> shows a pH-dependent one-electron wave at <i>E</i>_1/2 = 0.83 V (pH 1), assigned to the proton-coupled electron transfer process of the Ru^III/II couple and a pH-independent wave at <i>E</i>_1/2 = 1.06 V assigned to the Ru^IV/III couple. Compound <b>2</b> is used to prepare complex [Ru(bda)(pic)(pyA)] (<b>4</b>). This complex is air sensitive and converts to complex [Ru(bda)(pic)(pyE)] (<b>5</b>) (where pyE is methyl 2-pyridine carboxylate) in the presence of methanol. This oxidation also occurs by applying a positive potential to an aqueous solution of <b>4</b>, producing the derivative [Ru(bda)(pic)(pyC)] (<b>3</b>). Cyclic voltammetry of <b>3</b> shows two pH-independent one-electron oxidation waves at <i>E</i>_1/2 = 0.64 V and <i>E</i>_1/2 = 1.0 V, corresponding to the Ru^III/II and Ru^IV/III couples, respectively. In addition, a water oxidation catalytic wave appears at <i>E</i>_onset ≈ 1.4 V. Foot-of-the-wave analysis of this catalytic wave based on a water nucleophilic attack accounts for a TOF_max = 0.63-0.74 s^-1.