Solid-State Nonlinear Optical Switch with the Widest Switching Temperature Range Owing to Its Continuously Tunable <i>T</i>_c

Abstract

Interest on the nonlinear optical (NLO) switches that turn on/off the second-harmonic generation (SHG) triggered by the external stimulus (such as heat) have continuously grown, especially on the solid-state NLO switches showing superior stability, reversibility, and reproducibility. Herein, we discover (NH₄)₂PO₃F, as an entirely new solid-state NLO switch showing outstanding switch contrast and reversibility as well as strong SHG intensity (1.1 × KH₂PO₄ (KDP)) and high laser-induced damage threshold (2.0 × KDP), undergoes a unique first-order phase transition that originates from a reversible hydrogen-bond rearrangement and needs to overcome an energy barrier. Accordingly, we put forward a strategy to continuously modify such an energy barrier by reducing the number of hydrogen bonds per unit cell via an isoelectronic replacement of NH₄⁺ by K⁺ with a similar size yet incapability of providing any hydrogen bond. Consequently, K_<i>x</i>(NH₄)_2-<i>x</i>PO₃F (<i>x</i> = 0-0.3) exhibiting excellent switching performance are obtained. Remarkably, K_<i>x</i>(NH₄)_2-<i>x</i>PO₃F not only realizes a continuously tunable <i>T</i>_c spanning from 270 to 150 K, representing the widest NLO switching temperature range ever known but also indicates the first solid-state NLO switch example with continuous <i>T</i>_c. Intrinsically, such a <i>T</i>_c decline depends on the weakening degree of the hydrogen-bonding interactions in the unit cell. These new insights will shed useful light on the future material design and open new application possibilities.