Techno Economic Analysis of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Integration as Distributed Energy Resources in Indonesia Power System

TLDR

High penetration of electric vehicles stresses the Indonesian Java‑Madura‑Bali grid, whose limited balancing capacity is further strained by unbalanced charging loads, prompting interest in using EV batteries for ancillary services. This study conducts a techno‑economic analysis of vehicle‑to‑grid integration in the JAMALI grid under varying feed‑in tariff schemes. The analysis evaluates the impact of regular, natural, and demand‑response tariffs on V2G operation within the grid. Results indicate that V2G can reduce peak supply by up to 8.8 % for gas plants, lower charging costs by up to 60.15 % for business EVs under natural tariffs, and raise power‑company revenue by approximately 3.65 %.

Abstract

High penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) leads to high stress on a power grid, especially when the supply cannot cover and actively respond to the unpredictable demand caused by charging EVs. In the Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) area, Indonesia, the capability of the grid to balance its supply and demand is very limited, and massive EV charging additionally worsens the condition because of unbalanced load profiles. Ancillary services of EVs have led to the idea of utilizing EV batteries for grid support, owing to their high-speed response to the fluctuating power system. In this study, a techno-economic analysis of the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system in the JAMALI grid is conducted in terms of the changes in the feed-in tariff schemes, including regular, natural, and demand response tariffs. The results show that by utilizing EVs, the supply during peak hours can be reduced by up to 2.8% (for coal) and 8.8% (for gas). EVs owned by business entities as operating vehicles with a natural tariff show the highest feasibility for ancillary services, and can potentially reduce the cost of charging by up to 60.15%. From a power company perspective, V2G also potentially improves annual revenue by approximately 3.65%, owing to the replacement of the fuel.