Bose–Einstein Condensation of Exciton-Polaritons in Organic Microcavities

TLDR

Bose–Einstein condensation is the macroscopic occupation of a single‑particle mode that can be realized for any Bose‑Einstein statistics‑obeying particles, including hybrid light‑matter excitations called polaritons; the unique optoelectronic properties of organic molecules make room‑temperature polariton condensates feasible. The article aims to introduce the physics of exciton‑polaritons and condensation and review experiments demonstrating polariton condensation in molecular materials, thereby elucidating the optimal conditions for condensation in organic systems. Exciton‑polaritons arise in optical cavities when electronic excitations collectively couple to the cavity’s optical mode, producing bosonic quasiparticles that can condense or lase at room temperature.

Abstract

Bose-Einstein condensation describes the macroscopic occupation of a single-particle mode: the condensate. This state can in principle be realized for any particles obeying Bose-Einstein statistics; this includes hybrid light-matter excitations known as polaritons. Some of the unique optoelectronic properties of organic molecules make them especially well suited for the realization of polariton condensates. Exciton-polaritons form in optical cavities when electronic excitations couple collectively to the optical mode supported by the cavity. These polaritons obey bosonic statistics at moderate densities, are stable at room temperature, and have been observed to form a condensed or lasing state. Understanding the optimal conditions for polariton condensation requires careful modeling of the complex photophysics of organic molecules. In this article, we introduce the basic physics of exciton-polaritons and condensation and review experiments demonstrating polariton condensation in molecular materials.