Effects of counseling based on Gamble’s approach on psychological birth trauma in primiparous women: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract

According to the results, counseling based on Gamble's approach could reduce psychological birth trauma in primiparous women. Therefore, this effective, simple, cost-effective, and harmless approach could be employed to reduce intrapartum and postpartum maternal traumas and prevent adverse events for the mother and the newborn.