Palladium Nanoparticles on Assorted Nanostructured Supports: Applications for Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reactions

Abstract

Palladium (Pd) has been the key element for several C–C bond-forming reactions, especially the Nobel-acclaimed Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, among others. This review article describes recent efforts toward the synthetic strategies, characterization, and development of various nanostructured material supports for adorning Pd nanoparticles and their sustainable use in catalyzing at least one of the three aforementioned transformations. Recent advances are highlighted for assorted nanostructured materials-supported Pd nanocatalysts; designed nanostructures possessing engineered morphologies, magnetic Pd nanocomposites, polymers, metal–organic frameworks, and hybrid nanostructured catalysts are described for diverse Pd nanocatalysts. Selected examples expounding the concepts and rationale behind the reactivity enhancement and the reusability of the nanostructured Pd catalysts are presented via control of the structure, composition, and intrinsic nature of the introduced supports. Heterogeneous cross–coupling catalysis, a necessary tool in everyday chemical transformations, is illustrated, implicating eminent functions presented by the structural properties of the supports, associated pros and cons, their recyclability, and the efficiency.