Pesticide-Induced Physiological, Metabolicand Ultramorphological Alterations in Leavesof Young Maize Seedlings

Abstract

Pesticides are usually used to eliminate weeds and insects to improve crop quality and yield. The present study was undertaken to explore pesticides (Lambda cyhalotherin (LC) and Emamectin benzoate (EB)) related physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural changes in leaves of maize seedlings at different concentrations of LC and EB both singly (LC 100 , LC 500 , LC 800 , EB 100 , EB 300 , EB 600 mg/L) and jointly (LC 500 + EB 300 mg/L) along with control. Germination percentage, root stem and leaf lengths increased at lower concentrations of both pesticides and significantly decreased with the increase in the external application of pesticides. At higher concentrations of LC and EB (i.e., LC 800 and EB 600 mg/L ) the mean values of growth and biomass of maize leaves were lower than control. Also, decreases in photosynthetic pigments and ion concentration of Na 1+ , Ca 2+ and K 1+ were significant when the concentration of both pesticides increased. The melondialdehyde (MDA) contents decreased, while the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production increased at higher doses in cases of single and joint applications. With the increase in their concentrations, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were found to be pronouncedly enhanced as compared to control. Ultrastructural alterations in mesophyll cells of maize leaf were mostly found in chloroplast and nucleus. The present study revealed that short-term exposure of maize