Ultrahigh and Durable Volumetric Lithium/Sodium Storage Enabled by a Highly Dense Graphene-Encapsulated Nitrogen-Doped Carbon@Sn Compact Monolith

Abstract

Tin-based composites hold promise as anodes for high-capacity lithium/sodium-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs); however, it is necessary to use carbon coated nanosized tin to solve the issues related to large volume changes during electrochemical cycling, thus leading to the low volumetric capacity for tin-based composites due to their low packing density. Herein, we design a highly dense graphene-encapsulated nitrogen-doped carbon@Sn (HD N-C@Sn/G) compact monolith with Sn nanoparticles double-encapsulated by N-C and graphene, which exhibits a high density of 2.6 g cm^-3 and a high conductivity of 212 S m^-1. The as-obtained HD N-C@Sn/G monolith anode exhibits ultrahigh and durable volumetric lithium/sodium storage. Specifically, it delivers a high volumetric capacity of 2692 mAh cm^-3 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g^-1 and an ultralong cycling stability exceeding 1500 cycles at 1.0 A g^-1 with only 0.019% capacity decay per cycle in lithium-ion batteries. Besides, <i>in situ</i> TEM and <i>ex situ</i> SEM have revealed that the unique double-encapsulated structure effectively mitigates drastic volume variation of the tin nanoparticles during electrode cycling. Furthermore, the full cell using HD N-C@Sn/G as an anode and LiCoO₂ as a cathode displays a superior cycling stability. This work provides a new avenue and deep insight into the design of high-volumetric-capacity alloy-based anodes with ultralong cycle life.