Mode Selective Conversion Enabled by the Long-Period Gratings Inscribed in Elliptical Core Few-Mode Fiber

Abstract

We demonstrate the fabrication of long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) in an elliptical core few-mode fiber (e-FMF) by CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> laser. The mode conversion from fundamental mode to high-order modes (LP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11a</sub> , LP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11b</sub> , and LP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21a</sub> mode) can be realized by the LPFGs with high efficiency of more than 95%. The effect of bending, torsion, temperature, and strain on the resonance wavelength of the e-FMF based LPFG mode converters are experimentally investigated. The temperature and strain sensitivities of the LPFGs are characterized to be -36 pm/°C and -4.9 pm/με, and the LPFGs are found to be insensitive to the bending and torsion. Due to the existence of trench in the e-FMF, the higher-order LP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">02</sub> and LP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31a</sub> mode can also be stimulated by the e-FMF based LPFGs with a grating period of 515 μm and 400 μm, respectively. The proposed e-FMF based LPFGs could have a promising prospect in the application of fiber sensing and mode division multiplexing optical communication system.