Embedding tetrahedral 3d transition metal TM₄ clusters into the cavity of two-dimensional graphdiyne to construct highly efficient and nonprecious electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction

Abstract

On the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have systematically investigated the structures and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activities for a series of new composite systems TM₄@GDY (TM = Sc, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu), which are constructed by embedding tetrahedral 3d transition metal TM₄ clusters in the in-plane cavity of two-dimensional (2D) π-conjugated graphdiyne (GDY). Our computed results reveal that compared with the constituent subunits, namely the sole TM₄ cluster and GDY, all these composite TM₄@GDY nanostructures can uniformly exhibit considerably high HER catalytic activity over a wide range of hydrogen coverage, and especially the Fe₄@GDY and Co₄@GDY systems can possess higher HER activity, in view of their higher number of active sites. The high HER catalytic activity for TM₄@GDY can be mainly due to the occurrence of obvious electron transfer from TM₄ cluster to GDY, significantly activating the correlative C and TM atoms. Moreover, all these composite TM₄@GDY systems can also exhibit high structural stability and good conductivity. Therefore, all of them can be considered as a new kind of promising HER catalyst, and this study can provide new strategies for designing low-cost and high-performance 2D carbon-based electrocatalysts.