Organic Electrode Materials for Metal Ion Batteries

TLDR

Organic and polymer materials are widely studied as low‑cost, abundant, environmentally benign electrode materials that enable a broad range of rechargeable batteries, including Li‑, Na‑, K‑, dual‑ion, multivalent‑metal, aqueous, all‑solid‑state, and redox flow systems, and allow operation across extreme temperatures, pH ranges, and in oxygenated environments. This review aims to guide research by focusing on the reaction mechanisms and applications of organic electrode materials. The review discusses six categories of reaction mechanisms and their applications across various rechargeable batteries, providing an overview of state‑of‑the‑art organic batteries.

Abstract

Organic and polymer materials have been extensively investigated as electrode materials for rechargeable batteries because of the low cost, abundance, environmental benignity, and high sustainability. To date, organic electrode materials have been applied in a large variety of energy storage devices, including nonaqueous Li-ion, Na-ion, K-ion, dual-ion, multivalent-metal, aqueous, all-solid-state, and redox flow batteries, because of the universal properties of organic electrode materials. Moreover, some organic materials enable the batteries to be operated in the extreme conditions, such as a wide temperature range (-70 to 150 °C), a wide pH range, and in the presence of O2. As a guidance for the research in organic batteries, this Review focuses on the reaction mechanisms and applications of organic electrode materials. Six categories of reaction mechanisms and the applications of organic and polymer materials in various rechargeable batteries are discussed to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art organic batteries.