Divergence of tipper vector imaging for ground–airborne frequency-domain electromagnetic method with orthogonal sources

Abstract

The ground–airborne frequency–domain electromagnetic (GAFDEM) method is a recently developed rapid detection approach for underground structures. However, the conventional apparent resistivity imaging in this method cannot meet the requirements of high precision and high efficiency detection for 3D targets. Therefore, we introduce the divergence of tipper vector (DTV) imaging to solve this problem with two orthogonal sources. First, we define DTV for the GAFDEM method, and then, we analyze the characteristics, advantages, and detection principles of DTV imaging using 3D models. Incorporating DTV imaging into the GAFDEM method allows us to directly distinguish the resistivity properties, position, and direction of an anomalous body more clearly and in less computing time, relative to apparent resistivity imaging. Thus, DTV imaging provides a fast detection method with high detection precision for a 3D anomalous body. This may effectively promote the development and application of the GAFDEM method and systems.