Two-Photon Excitation/Red Emission, Ratiometric Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Intracellular pH Imaging

Abstract

Herein, we describe a novel two-photon excitation/red emission-based ratiometric pH nanosensor consisting of a pH-sensitive two-photon dye and Tm³⁺-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP). The fluorescence emission ratio between the dye (610 nm) and UCNPs (810 nm) (I₆₁₀/I₈₁₀) provides a linear indicator of pH values in the range from pH 4.0 to 6.5 with high sensitivity. These nanoprobes selectively accumulate in the lysosomes of cells, making them suitable for lysosomal pH tracking. This pH nanoprobe has been successfully applied in visualizing chemically stimulated changes of intracellular pH in living cells and tissues.