Synchronous Reduction–Oxidation Process for Efficient Removal of Trichloroacetic Acid: H* Initiates Dechlorination and ·OH Is Responsible for Removal Efficiency

Abstract

Degradation of chlorinated disinfection by-products using the electroreduction process has been considered as a promising approach for advanced water treatment, while the removal efficiency is restricted by a high barrier for dechlorination of intermediates only by reductive atomic hydrogen (H*) and excessive cost required for reducing atmosphere. In this paper, we predict that the dechlorination efficiency for trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a typical chlorinated disinfection by-product, can be accelerated via a synchronous reduction–oxidation process, where the dechlorination barrier can be lowered by the oxidation reactions toward the critical intermediates using hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Based on scientific findings, we constructed a synchronous reduction–oxidation platform using a Pd-loaded Cu/Cu2O/CuO array as the core component. According to the combined results of theoretical and experimental analyses, we found that the high dispersion of nano-sized Pd on a photocathode was beneficial for the production of a high concentration of H* at low overpotential, a perquisite for initiating the dechlorination reaction. Simultaneously, excess H* has the potential to convert O2 to H2O2 in ambient conditions (air condition), and H2O2 can be further activated by a Cu-containing substrate to ·OH for attacking the critical intermediates. In this system, ∼89.1% of TCA was completely dechlorinated and ∼26.8% mineralization was achieved in 60 min, which was in contrast to the value of ∼65.7% and mineralization efficiency of only ∼1.7% achieved through the reduction process (Ar condition).