Structure of spastin bound to a glutamate-rich peptide implies a hand-over-hand mechanism of substrate translocation

Abstract

Many members of the AAA+ ATPase family function as hexamers that unfold their protein substrates. These AAA unfoldases include spastin, which plays a critical role in the architecture of eukaryotic cells by driving the remodeling and severing of microtubules, which are cytoskeletal polymers of tubulin subunits. Here, we demonstrate that a human spastin binds weakly to unmodified peptides from the C-terminal segment of human tubulin α1A/B. A peptide comprising alternating glutamate and tyrosine residues binds more tightly, which is consistent with the known importance of glutamylation for spastin microtubule severing activity. A cryo-EM structure of the spastin-peptide complex at 4.2 Å resolution revealed an asymmetric hexamer in which five spastin subunits adopt a helical, spiral staircase configuration that binds the peptide within the central pore, whereas the sixth subunit of the hexamer is displaced from the peptide/substrate, as if transitioning from one end of the helix to the other. This configuration differs from a recently published structure of spastin from Drosophila melanogaster, which forms a six-subunit spiral without a transitioning subunit. Our structure resembles other recently reported AAA unfoldases, including the meiotic clade relative Vps4, and supports a model in which spastin utilizes a hand-over-hand mechanism of tubulin translocation and microtubule remodeling. Many members of the AAA+ ATPase family function as hexamers that unfold their protein substrates. These AAA unfoldases include spastin, which plays a critical role in the architecture of eukaryotic cells by driving the remodeling and severing of microtubules, which are cytoskeletal polymers of tubulin subunits. Here, we demonstrate that a human spastin binds weakly to unmodified peptides from the C-terminal segment of human tubulin α1A/B. A peptide comprising alternating glutamate and tyrosine residues binds more tightly, which is consistent with the known importance of glutamylation for spastin microtubule severing activity. A cryo-EM structure of the spastin-peptide complex at 4.2 Å resolution revealed an asymmetric hexamer in which five spastin subunits adopt a helical, spiral staircase configuration that binds the peptide within the central pore, whereas the sixth subunit of the hexamer is displaced from the peptide/substrate, as if transitioning from one end of the helix to the other. This configuration differs from a recently published structure of spastin from Drosophila melanogaster, which forms a six-subunit spiral without a transitioning subunit. Our structure resembles other recently reported AAA unfoldases, including the meiotic clade relative Vps4, and supports a model in which spastin utilizes a hand-over-hand mechanism of tubulin translocation and microtubule remodeling.