Identification of hydrological models for operational flood forecasting in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada

Abstract

Waterford River watershed, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada. This study investigates five hydrological models to identify adequate model(s) for operational flood forecasting at Waterford River watershed. These models included three lumped conceptual models (SAC-SMA: Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting, GR4J: modèle du Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier, and MAC-HBV: McMaster University Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning), a semi-distributed model (HEC-HMS: Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System) and a fully distributed physically-based model (WATFLOOD: University of Waterloo Flood Forecasting System). The best model(s) were chosen by comparison of performance criteria. To verify the potential of the best performing hydrological models for operational use, deterministic hydrologic forecasts were performed. All five models are capable of simulating streamflow reasonably well in both calibration and validation periods. The SAC-SMA and GR4J models perform equally well and perform better than the other three models for all low, medium, and peak flows. The SAC-SMA and GR4J models generally perform better for peak flows, followed by HEC-HMS. Streamflow forecast experiment using deterministic weather prediction shows that SAC-SMA, GR4J, and HEC-HMS models perform well for up to 1–3 days ahead forecasts and are recommended for operational use. However, due to the good performance of all five models, an ensemble forecasting using continuous, multiple hydrological models is also recommended.