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Real-time monitoring of the state of charge (SOC) in vanadium redox-flow batteries using UV–Vis spectroscopy in operando mode

Electric BatteryChemical EngineeringElectrical EngineeringReal-time MonitoringBattery Electrode MaterialsEngineeringLi-ion Battery MaterialsEnergy StorageElectrochemical Energy StorageBatteriesChemistryOperando ModeCharge ExtractionElectrochemistryVanadium Redox-flow Batteries