Liquid-Phase Epitaxial Growth of Highly Oriented and Multivariate Surface-Attached Metal–Organic Frameworks

Abstract

Multivariate metal–organic frameworks (MTV-MOFs) incorporating multiple chemical functionalities within single-phase crystalline materials show superior properties that arise from synergistic effects. Herein, we report an efficient and versatile method for the growth of highly oriented multivariate surface-attached MOFs (MTV-SURMOFs) by the combination of the liquid-epitaxial growth method (LPE) and the mixed-linker strategy. Twenty-six MTV-SURMOFs of the [M2L2P] type with a maximum of five different dicarboxylate linkers (L) were deposited onto suitably functionalized surfaces. Systematic studies by infrared reflection absorption (IRRA) spectroscopy and surface XRD provide evidence for the formation of highly oriented MTV-SURMOFs. Interestingly, the pKa’s of the dicarboxylate linkers play a crucial role for the orientational quality of the MTV-SURMOFs. In addition, benzene uptake experiments showed that the MTV-SURMOFs exhibit up to 2.6 times higher adsorption capacity as compared to the single-linker SURMOFs, demonstrating the synergistic effects in these surface systems.