A safe, convenient liquid phase pre-sodiation method for titanium-based SIB materials

Abstract

We develop a pre-sodiation method by simply immersing the electrode in a liquid sodium source to reduce irreversible capacity loss for titanium-based materials. This liquid is more safe in operation and penetrates through the electrode more homogeneously than sodium metal. This method is easily extended to other titanium-based materials, and provides a possibility for large industrial applications.