“Ghost” Silica Nanoparticles of “Host”-Inherited Antibacterial Action

Abstract

We fabricated surface-rough mesoporous silica nanoparticles ("ghost" SiO₂NPs) by using composite mesoporous copper oxide nanoparticles ("host" CuONPs) as templates, which allowed us to mimic their surface morphology. The "host" CuONPs used here as templates, however, had a very high antibacterial effect, with or without functionalization. To evaluate the surface roughness effect on the "ghost" SiO₂NPs antibacterial action, we functionalized them with (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GLYMO) to permit additional covalent coupling of 4-hydroxyphenylboronic acid (4-HPBA). The diol groups on the bacterial membrane can form reversible covalent bonds with boronic acid (BA) groups on the "ghost" SiO₂NPs surface and bind to the bacteria, resulting in a very strong amplification of their antibacterial activity, which does not depend on electrostatic adhesion. The BA-functionalized "ghost" SiO₂NPs showed a very significant antibacterial effect as compared to smooth SiO₂NPs of the same surface coating and particle size. We attribute this to the "ghost" SiO₂NPs mesoporous surface morphology, which mimics to a certain extent those of the original mesoporous CuONPs used as templates for their preparation. We envisage that the "ghost" SiO₂NPs effectively acquire some of the antibacterial properties from the "host" CuONPs, with the same functionality, despite being completely free of copper. The antibacterial effect of the functionalized "ghost" SiO₂NPs/GLYMO/4-HPBA on <i>Rhodococcus rhodochrous</i> (<i>R. rhodochrous</i>) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) is much higher than that of the nonfunctionalized "ghost" SiO₂NPs or the "ghost" SiO₂NPs/GLYMO. The results indicate that the combination of rough surface morphology and strong adhesion of the particle surface to the bacteria can make even benign material such as silica act as a strong antimicrobial agent. Additionally, our BA-functionalized nanoparticles ("ghost" SiO₂NPs/GLYMO/4-HPBA) showed no detectable cytotoxic impact against human keratinocytes at particle concentrations, which are effective against bacteria.