Endoplasmic reticulum targeting fluorescent probes to image mobile Zn²⁺

Abstract

Zn²⁺ plays an important role in the normal function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its deficiency can cause ER stress, which is related to a wide range of diseases. In order to provide tools to better understand the role of mobile Zn²⁺ in ER processes, the first custom designed ER-localised fluorescent Zn²⁺ probes have been developed through the introduction of a cyclohexyl sulfonylurea as an ER-targeting unit with different Zn²⁺ receptors. Experiments <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in cellulo</i> show that both probes have a good fluorescence switch on response to Zn²⁺, high selectivity over other cations, low toxicity, ER-specific targeting ability and are efficacious imaging agents for mobile Zn²⁺ in four different cell lines. Probe <b>9</b> has been used to detect mobile Zn²⁺ changes under ER stress induced by both tunicamycin or thapsigargin, which indicates that the new probes should allow a better understanding of the mechanisms cells use to respond to dysfunction of zinc homeostasis in the ER and its role in the initiation and progression of diseases to be developed.