Direct Electron-Transfer-Based Peroxymonosulfate Activation by Iron-Doped Manganese Oxide (δ-MnO₂) and the Development of Galvanic Oxidation Processes (GOPs)

Abstract

Manganese oxides have been recently investigated as excellent catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, and the reported mechanisms are mostly forming reactive oxygen species (ROSs). This study investigated the use of iron-doped manganese oxide, synthesized via air oxidation under strong alkaline conditions. The oxidation of three substrates was affected by their adsorption at the catalyst surface, solution pH, and co-solutes. Common ROS scavengers inhibited the oxidation of bisphenol A (BPA), suggesting the possible involvement of ROSs; however, the PMS decomposition tests with and without BPA and the comparison with a 1O2-generation system ruled out the formation of ROSs and pointed to direct electron transfer between the adsorbed BPA and complexed PMS as the mechanism. To prove this mechanism, the catalyst was coated to graphite sheets and a galvanic oxidation process (GOP) was developed to separate BPA and PMS into two half cells. Upon PMS addition into one cell, BPA was quickly oxidized in the other cell, confirming the occurrence of electron transfer. The GOP system successfully degraded BPA in both surface water and hypersaline shale gas-produced water. Overall, this study developed a new catalyst for PMS activation and unveiled the advantages and potential applications of electron shuttling catalysts.