Cell Membrane-Coated Porphyrin Metal–Organic Frameworks for Cancer Cell Targeting and O₂-Evolving Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted great attention as an alternative tumor treatment method. Unfortunately, it suffers from some limitations like poor targeting capability and insufficient therapeutic efficiency caused by tumor hypoxia. In this work, we introduce a novel O₂-evolving PDT nanoparticle for homologous cancer cell targeting as well as dual-mode imaging [i.e., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging]. Specifically, the nanostructure consists of a MnO₂ nanosheet-coated metal-organic framework core and cancer cell membrane shell (defined as CM-MMNPs). The MnO₂ layer displays H⁺ and H₂O₂ responsiveness, which can produce O₂ to enhance O₂-mediated singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation for PDT. Moreover, the resulted Mn²⁺ can also be used as an optimal MRI contrast agent. The introduction of cell membrane and membrane proteins endow the CM-MMNPs with good stability and integrity in the process of cellular endocytosis, as well as strong homologous cell-targeting ability. This multifunctional nanoparticle has the potential to overcome the hypoxia of cancer cells in PDT, and provides a new paradigm for tumor targeting, detection, and therapy, which is promising for biomedical applications in the future.