Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals from Smoked <i>Corbicula fluminea</i> Collected on Roadside Vendors at Kelantan, Malaysia

Abstract

<i>Corbicula fluminea</i> serves as traditional food to the local people in Kelantan, Malaysia. Concerns regarding river contamination, smoking method, and associated adverse effects on public health had been increasing. Hence, this study aims to measure the level of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) and assess human health risk in <i>C. fluminea</i> consumption at Kelantan. Heavy-metal analysis was done using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while human health risk was assessed using provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI). The estimated weekly intake (EWI) for all metals was found within PTWI, while THQ for Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn was 0.12, 0.06, 0.04, 0.41, and 0.03, respectively. The HI was calculated at 0.61 which is less than 1, considered as the safe consumption level. Therefore, <i>C. fluminea</i> consumption in this study was found safe from the health risk of noncarcinogenic effect over a lifetime.