Construction of a Z-Scheme Dictated WO_3–<i>X</i>/Ag/ZnCr LDH Synergistically Visible Light-Induced Photocatalyst towards Tetracycline Degradation and H₂ Evolution

Abstract

Herein, we have designed nonstoichiometric WO₃, coupled with ZnCr layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheeet through Ag nanoparticle as the solid-state electron mediator to form WO_3-<i>X</i> /Ag/ZnCr LDH Z-scheme photocatalyst. The presence of oxygen defect levels in as-synthesized materials was confirmed by Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL) analyses. The photocatalytic performance of the catalysts was investigated by the tetracycline degradation and H₂ energy production under visible light irradiation. The WO_3-<i>X</i> /Ag/ZnCr LDH ternary heterostructure exhibits superior activity toward tetracycline degradation and hydrogen evolution. The excellent photocatalytic performance of the catalyst was attributed to the synergistic effects among three species (WO_3-<i>X</i> , Ag, and ZnCr LDH) and the enhanced separation efficiency of photoinduced charge carriers through the Z-scheme WO_3-<i>X</i> /Ag/ZnCr LDH system. In addition, the created oxygen deficiency on WO_3-<i>X</i> could improve the photocatalytic behavior of ZnCr LDH in heterostructure by delaying the recombination efficiency of photoexcited electron-hole pairs. Furthermore, the higher affinity of tetracycline at the oxygen defect levels of the photocatalyst supports the high rate of tetracycline degradation. The enhanced photocatlytic activity of the catalysts was further supported by PL spectra and photoelectrochemical studies (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) plot). The present research opens up a new strategy for designing highly efficient visible light-induced Z-scheme-based photocatalysts with high population of active sites for energy and environmental applications in a sustainable manner.