Suppressive Effects of Octyl Gallate on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation, Acidogenicity, and Gene Expression

Abstract

The accumulation of biofilm by <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> bacteria on hard tooth tissues leads to dental caries, which remains one of the most prevalent oral diseases. Hence, the development of new antibiofilm agents is of critical importance. The current study reports the results from testing the effectiveness of octyl gallate (C8-OG) against: (1) <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm formation on solid surfaces (polystyrene, glass), (2) acidogenicity, (3) and the expression of biofilm-related genes. The amount of biofilm formed by <i>S. mutans</i> bacteria was evaluated using the colorimetric method and optical profilometry. The pH of the biofilm growth medium was measured with microelectrode. A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to assess the expression of genes encoding glucan binding protein B (<i>gbpB</i>), glucosyltransferases B, -C, -D (<i>gtfB, -C, -D</i>), and the F-ATPase β subunit of the F₁ protein (<i>atpD</i>). The results show that C8-OG significantly diminished biofilm formation by exposed <i>S. mutans</i> on solid surfaces and suppressed acidogenicity in a dose-dependent manner, compared to unexposed bacteria (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The C8-OG concentration of 100.24 µM inhibited <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm development on solid surfaces by 100% and prevented a decrease in pH levels by 99%. In addition, the RT-qPCR data demonstrate that the biofilm-producing bacteria treated with C8-OG underwent a significant reduction in gene expression in the case of the four genes under study (<i>gbpB</i>, <i>gtfC</i>, <i>gtfD</i>, and <i>atpD</i>), and there was a slight decrease in expression of the <i>gtfB</i> gene. However, C8-OG treatments did not produce significant expression change compared to the control for the planktonic cells, although there was a significant increase for the <i>atpD</i> gene. Therefore, C8-OG might be a potent antibiofilm and/or anticaries agent for oral formulations that aim to reduce the prevalence of dental caries.