Selective Control of Composition in Prussian White for Enhanced Material Properties

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries based on Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are ideal for large-scale energy storage applications due to the ability to meet the huge volumes and low costs required. For Na2–xFe[Fe(CN)6]1–y·zH2O, realizing its commercial potential means fine control of the concentration of sodium, Fe(CN)6 vacancies, and water content. To date, there is a huge variation in the literature of composition leading to variable electrochemical performance. In this work, we break down the synthesis of PBAs into three steps for controlling the sodium, vacancy, and water content via an inexpensive, scalable synthesis method. We produce rhombohedral Prussian white Na1.88(5)Fe[Fe(CN)6]·0.18(9)H2O with an initial capacity of 158 mAh/g retaining 90% capacity after 50 cycles. Subsequent characterization revealed that the increased polarization on the 3 V plateau is coincident with a phase transition and reduced utilization of the high-spin Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This reveals a clear target for subsequent improvements of the material to boost long-term cycling stability. These results will be of great interest for the myriad of applications of PBAs, such as catalysis, magnetism, electrochromics, and gas sorption.