Adenine-Based Zn(II)/Cd(II) Metal–Organic Frameworks as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Facile CO₂ Fixation into Cyclic Carbonates: A DFT-Supported Study of the Reaction Mechanism

Abstract

We synthesized two new adenine-based Zn(II)/Cd(II) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, [Zn₂(H₂O)(stdb)₂(5H-Ade)(9H-Ade)₂]_<i>n</i> (PNU-21) and [Cd₂(Hstdb)(stdb)(8H-Ade)(Ade)]_<i>n</i> (PNU-22), containing auxiliary dicarboxylate ligand (stdb = 4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylate). Both MOFs were characterized by multiple analytical techniques such as single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD), powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, as well as temperature program desorption and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements. Both MOFs were structurally robust and possessed unsaturated Lewis acidic metal centers [Zn(II) and Cd(II)] and free basic N atoms of adenine molecules. They were used as heterogeneous catalysts for the fixation of CO₂ into five-membered cyclic carbonates. Significant conversion of epichlorohydrin (ECH) was attained at a low CO₂ pressure (0.4 MPa) and moderate catalyst (0.6 mol %)/cocatalyst (0.3 mol %) amounts, with over 99% selectivity toward the ECH carbonate. They showed comparable or even higher catalytic activity than other previously reported MOFs. Because of high thermal stability and robust architecture of PNU-21/PNU-22, both catalysts could be reused with simple separation up to five successive cycles without any considerable loss of their catalytic activity. Densely populated acidic and basic sites in both Zn(II)/Cd(II) MOFs facilitated the conversion of ECH to ECH carbonate in high yields. The reaction mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction between ECH and CO₂ is described by possible intermediates, transition states, and pathways, from the density functional theory calculation in correlation with the SXRD structure of PNU-21.