Global optimization of metasurface designs using statistical learning methods

TLDR

Metasurface performance optimization is essential for practical optical systems, yet existing design methods largely ignore near‑field interactions that critically affect device behavior. This study develops and applies statistical‑learning and evolutionary‑strategy optimization, coupled with a high‑order DGTD solver, to design phase‑gradient metasurfaces. The approach employs statistical learning to navigate complex multi‑modal design spaces and evolutionary strategies to refine solutions, all evaluated through full‑wave DGTD simulations. Optimized GaN phase‑gradient metasurfaces achieve >88 % TM‑polarized and 85 % dual‑polarized diffraction efficiencies with only 150 simulations, surpassing all previously reported visible‑wavelength blazed efficiencies.

Abstract

Optimization of the performance of flat optical components, also dubbed metasurfaces, is a crucial step towards their implementation in realistic optical systems. Yet, most of the design techniques, which rely on large parameter search to calculate the optical scattering response of elementary building blocks, do not account for near-field interactions that strongly influence the device performance. In this work, we exploit two advanced optimization techniques based on statistical learning and evolutionary strategies together with a fullwave high order Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain (DGTD) solver to optimize phase gradient metasurfaces. We first review the main features of these optimization techniques and then show that they can outperform most of the available designs proposed in the literature. Statistical learning is particularly interesting for optimizing complex problems containing several global minima/maxima. We then demonstrate optimal designs for GaN semiconductor phase gradient metasurfaces operating at visible wavelengths. Our numerical results reveal that rectangular and cylindrical nanopillar arrays can achieve more than respectively 88% and 85% of diffraction efficiency for TM polarization and both TM and TE polarization respectively, using only 150 fullwave simulations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest blazed diffraction efficiency reported so far at visible wavelength using such metasurface architectures.