Molecular Detection of Babesia spp. (Apicomplexa: Piroplasma) in Free-Ranging Canids and Mustelids From Southern Italy

Abstract

Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan parasites with widespread geographical distribution and various wildlife species as reservoir hosts. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and assess the role of free-ranging canids and mustelids in the maintenance of <i>Babesia</i> spp. in southern Italy. PCR analysis of splenic samples targeting the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of <i>Babesia</i> spp. in 36 of 82 (43.9%) red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) including 29 (58%) from Campania region and seven (21.8%) from Calabria region, in seven of 13 (53.8%) Eurasian badgers (<i>Meles meles</i>), and in one of 13 (7.7%) gray wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>). Samples from other host species including 9 Eurasian otters (<i>Lutra lutra</i>), 1 stone marten (<i>Martes foina</i>), 1 least weasel (<i>Mustela nivalis</i>), and 1 European polecat (<i>Mustela putorius</i>) tested <i>Babesia</i> spp. negative. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene demonstrated the presence of <i>B. vulpes</i> in the red fox and two sequence types of badger-associated <i>Babesia</i> spp. in the Eurasian badger. The <i>Babesia</i> sp. sequence detected in the gray wolf was identical to a badger-associated <i>Babesia</i> sp. This study shows that the number of <i>Babesia</i> spp. infecting free-ranging carnivores in Italy is higher than currently believed, and suggests that these hosts may play an important role in the maintenance of the sylvatic cycle of these parasites. It is the first report of badger-associated <i>Babesia</i> spp. in Italy and in a gray wolf.