Cascade‐Type Prelithiation Approach for Li‐Ion Capacitors

Abstract

Abstract An industry‐relevant method for pre‐lithiation of lithium‐ion capacitors to balance the first charge irreversibility is demonstrated, which addresses the prime bottleneck for their market integration. Based on a composite positive electrode that integrates pyrene monomers and an insoluble lithiated base, Li 3 PO 4 , a “cascade‐type” process involving two consecutive irreversible reactions is proposed: i) oxidative electropolymerization of the pyrene moieties releases electrons and protons; ii) protons are captured by Li 3 PO 4 and exchanged for a stoichiometric amount of Li + into the electrolyte. ( 1 H, 19 F, and 31 P) NMR spectroscopy, operando X‐ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy support this mechanism. By decoupling the irreversible source of lithium ions from electrons, the cascade‐type pre‐lithiation allows the simultaneous enhancement of the capacity of the positive electrode, thanks to p‐doping of the resulting polymer. Remarkably, the proton scavenging properties of Li 3 PO 4 also boost the polymerization process, which enables a 16% increase in capacity without detrimental effect on power properties and cyclability. Full cells integrating a cheap carbon black based negative electrode, show much‐improved capacity of 17 mAh g ‐1 electrodes (44 F g ‐1 electrodes , 3–4.4 V) and excellent stability over 2200 cycles at 1 A g ‐1 . Thanks to its versatile chemistry and flexibility this approach in principle can be applied to any kind of ion‐battery.