Anatomy and Histochemistry of the Roots and Shoots in the Aquatic Selenium Hyperaccumulator Cardamine hupingshanensis (Brassicaceae)

Abstract

The perennial selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator <i>Cardamine hupingshanensis</i> (Brassicaceae) thrives in aquatic and subaquatic Se-rich environments along the Wuling Mountains, China. Using bright-field and epifluorescence microscopy, the present study determined the anatomical structures and histochemical features that allow this species to survive in Se-rich aquatic environments. The roots of <i>C. hupingshanensis</i> have an endodermis with Casparian walls, suberin lamellae, and lignified secondary cell walls; the cortex and hypodermal walls have phi (Φ) thickenings; and the mature taproots have a secondary structure with a periderm. The stems possess a lignified sclerenchymal ring and an endodermis, and the pith and cortex walls have polysaccharide-rich collenchyma. Air spaces are present in the intercellular spaces and aerenchyma in the cortex and pith of the roots and shoots. The dense fine roots with lignified Φ thickenings and polysaccharide-rich collenchyma in the shoots may allow <i>C. hupingshanensis</i> to hyperaccumulate Se. Overall, our study elucidated the anatomical features that permit <i>C. hupingshanensis</i> to thrive in Se-rich aquatic environments.