Cardiovascular Function and Ballistocardiogram: A Relationship Interpreted via Mathematical Modeling

Abstract

Objective: to develop quantitative methods for the clinical interpretation of\nthe ballistocardiogram (BCG). Methods: a closed-loop mathematical model of the\ncardiovascular system is proposed to theoretically simulate the mechanisms\ngenerating the BCG signal, which is then compared with the signal acquired via\naccelerometry on a suspended bed. Results: simulated arterial pressure\nwaveforms and ventricular functions are in good qualitative and quantitative\nagreement with those reported in the clinical literature. Simulated BCG signals\nexhibit the typical I, J, K, L, M and N peaks and show good qualitative and\nquantitative agreement with experimental measurements. Simulated BCG signals\nassociated with reduced contractility and increased stiffness of the left\nventricle exhibit different changes that are characteristic of the specific\npathological condition. Conclusion: the proposed closed-loop model captures the\npredominant features of BCG signals and can predict pathological changes on the\nbasis of fundamental mechanisms in cardiovascular physiology. Significance:\nthis work provides a quantitative framework for the clinical interpretation of\nBCG signals and the optimization of BCG sensing devices. The present study\nconsiders an average human body and can potentially be extended to include\nvariability among individuals.\n