Digitization and the Future of Natural History Collections

TLDR

Natural history collections provide historical baselines for assessing anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity, and digitization has expanded their use across many disciplines. The study proposes Digitization 2.0, an approach that relies on digitized products rather than physical specimens. Digitization 2.0 builds on existing data, workflows, and infrastructure to create digital‑only pipelines that enhance digitization, curation, and data linking, thereby adding new annotation layers, empowering a global community, and enabling automated biodiversity discovery and conservation. These efforts are expected to transform large‑scale biodiversity assessments, enabling answers to fundamental questions about global change.

Abstract

Abstract Natural history collections (NHCs) are the foundation of historical baselines for assessing anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity. Along these lines, the online mobilization of specimens via digitization—the conversion of specimen data into accessible digital content—has greatly expanded the use of NHC collections across a diversity of disciplines. We broaden the current vision of digitization (Digitization 1.0)—whereby specimens are digitized within NHCs—to include new approaches that rely on digitized products rather than the physical specimen (Digitization 2.0). Digitization 2.0 builds on the data, workflows, and infrastructure produced by Digitization 1.0 to create digital-only workflows that facilitate digitization, curation, and data links, thus returning value to physical specimens by creating new layers of annotation, empowering a global community, and developing automated approaches to advance biodiversity discovery and conservation. These efforts will transform large-scale biodiversity assessments to address fundamental questions including those pertaining to critical issues of global change.