Fluoride Distribution in Drinking Groundwater in Rajasthan, India

Abstract

Hydrofluorosis caused by fluoride-rich water was predominantly restricted in Rajasthan, India before the commencement of guinea-worm (Dracunculus medinensis) eradication programme in 1986. During implication of the programme, numerous bore-and tube-wells fitted with hand pumps were dug in villages even in the remote areas of the state, simultaneously closing down the traditional step/open-wells which were used as drinking water sources. Groundwater from tube-and bore-wells drawn from deeper sources in all the 33 districts of Rajasthan is found contaminated with varying amounts of fluoride (F), with most containing F above the maximum acceptable limits of 1.0-1.5 ppm. As a result, hydrofluorosis has become more rampant in rural Rajasthan. Extreme large amounts of F in potable water sources were detected in desert districts located in western Rajasthan (Thar Desert region). The findings of this article show how a well-intentioned medical health programme has led to the spread of another disease (hydrofluorosis) in Rajasthan. These findings can play an important role in the formulation and implementation of a health policy at the state level for mitigation and prevention of endemic hydrofluorosis.