Mechanically strong MXene/Kevlar nanofiber composite membranes as high-performance nanofluidic osmotic power generators

TLDR

Two‑dimensional nanofluidic channels are emerging candidates for harvesting osmotic energy from salinity gradients, yet current architectures built from pristine nanosheets suffer from low charge densities and inefficient transport, producing power densities below 1 W m⁻². Here we demonstrate MXene/Kevlar nanofiber composite membranes as high‑performance nanofluidic osmotic power generators. Experiments and theoretical calculations show that the surface charge of MXene combined with space charge from nanofibers modulates ion diffusion, synergistically enhancing energy conversion. Mixing river and sea water with the composite membrane yields a power density of ~4.1 W m⁻², surpassing state‑of‑the‑art membranes, and this work highlights the promise of coupling surface and space charge in nanoconfinement for chemical‑potential‑driven energy conversion.

Abstract

Abstract Two-dimensional nanofluidic channels are emerging candidates for capturing osmotic energy from salinity gradients. However, present two-dimensional nanofluidic architectures are generally constructed by simple stacking of pristine nanosheets with insufficient charge densities, and exhibit low-efficiency transport dynamics, consequently resulting in undesirable power densities (<1 W m −2 ). Here we demonstrate MXene/Kevlar nanofiber composite membranes as high-performance nanofluidic osmotic power generators. By mixing river water and sea water, the power density can achieve a value of approximately 4.1 W m −2 , outperforming the state-of-art membranes to the best of our knowledge. Experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the correlation between surface charge of MXene and space charge brought by nanofibers plays a key role in modulating ion diffusion and can synergistically contribute to such a considerable energy conversion performance. This work highlights the promise in the coupling of surface charge and space charge in nanoconfinement for energy conversion driven by chemical potential gradients.