Enhanced Tumor-Specific Disulfiram Chemotherapy by <i>In Situ</i> Cu²⁺ Chelation-Initiated Nontoxicity-to-Toxicity Transition

Abstract

The antitumor activity of disulfiram (DSF), a traditional US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of "alcohol-dependence", is Cu²⁺-dependent, but the intrinsic anfractuous biodistribution of copper in the human body and copper toxicity induced by exogenous copper supply have severely hindered its <i>in vivo</i> application. Herein, we report an <i>in situ</i> Cu²⁺ chelation-enhanced DSF-based cancer chemotherapy technique, using a tumor-specific "nontoxicity-to-toxicity" transition strategy based on hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as the functional carrier. Cu²⁺-doped, DSF-loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles were constructed for the rapid release of Cu²⁺ ions induced by the mild acidic conditions of the tumor microenvironment. This resulted in the rapid biodegradation of the nanoparticles and accelerated DSF release once the particles were endocytosed into tumor cells. The resulting <i>in situ</i> chelation reaction between the coreleased Cu²⁺ ions and DSF generated toxic CuET products and concurrently, Fenton-like reactions between the generated Cu⁺ ions and the high levels of H₂O₂ resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the acidic tumor microenvironment. Both <i>in vitro</i> cellular assays and <i>in vivo</i> tumor-xenograft experiments demonstrated the efficient Cu-enhanced and tumor-specific chemotherapeutic efficacy of DSF, with cocontributions from highly toxic CuET complexes and ROS generated within tumors. This work provides a conceptual advancement of nanoparticle-enabled "nontoxicity-to-toxicity" transformation in tumors, to achieving high chemotherapeutic efficacy and biosafety.