Enamel Etching for Universal Adhesives: Examination of Enamel Etching Protocols for Optimization of Bonding Effectiveness

Abstract

PPA etching for less than one to 15 seconds and PLA etching for 15 seconds improve universal adhesive bonding, surface Ra roughness, and surface area of enamel. However, PPM etching is not effective, regardless of etching time, in improving bonds strengths, increasing surface roughness, and increasing surface area.